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Yiḥyah Salaḥ
Rabbi Yiḥya Ṣāleḥ (alternative spellings: Yichya Tzalach; Yehiya Saleh), known by the acronym of Maharitz () = ''Moreinu HaRav Yichya Tzalach'', (1713 – 1805), was one of the greatest exponents of Jewish law known to Yemen. He is to be remembered mostly for his ardent work in preserving Yemenite Jewish customs and traditions, which he articulated so well in his many writings, but also for his adopting certain Spanish rites and liturgies that had already become popular in Yemen.〔Shimon Greidi, ''Sefer Yamim Yedaberu'', Tel-Aviv 1995, p. 97 (71), (Hebrew)〕〔Rabbi Amram Qorah wrote of Maharitz, saying: "He took pains in many ways to render the precise wording of the text used in prayer, according to the ancient ''Baladi''-rite prayer books (''Tikālil''), and he purged them from the more recent versions that the copyists of the ''Baladi''-rite prayer books had amended thereto. However, those additions which were added in the ''Baladi''-rite prayer books based on the Spanish-rite and which they had () begun to observe as their own practice, he did not remove them. Instead, he even went so far as to explain them and they were incorporated in the ''Baladi''-rite prayer book" (Amram Qorah, ''Sa'arath Teiman'', Jerusalem 1988, p. 21, note 19 ()).〕 In this regard, he was strongly influenced by the Rabbis of his previous generation, Rabbi Yehudah Sa'adi and Rabbi Yihya al-Bashiri. Initially, Rabbi Yiḥya Ṣāleḥ worked as a blacksmith until the age of thirty, after which he worked as a scrivener of sacred texts (Heb. "sofer"),〔, Sa'arath Teiman, pp. 19-24〕 before becoming chief jurist of the rabbinical court (''Beth Din'') in Sana'a.
== Life & Works ==
Yiḥya was born in the lunar month of Cheshvan, in the year 5474 ''anno mundi'', a year corresponding to 1713 CE,〔Yitzhak Wana, ''Rekhev Elohim'' (ed. Yitzhak Ratzaby), Benei Barak 1992, p. 13, note 1〕 to Joseph b. Ṣāliḥ. Ṣāliḥ, his grandfather (d. 1749), was a survivor of the infamous Mawza Exile, the founder of the ''Saleh synagogue'' in Sana'a and one of the city's judges and ritual slaughterers (Heb. shochet). Although Rabbi Yiḥya Ṣāliḥ would later serve as chief judge (''Av Beit-Din'') and President of the rabbinical court at Ṣanʻā’,〔Amram Qorah, Sa'arath Teiman, pp. 19-23; 173, Jerusalem 1988.〕 for most of his life he worked under the shadow of two great men of his generation: the illustrious Rabbi David Mishreqi (d. 1771), the author of ''Shtilei Zeitim'', a commentary on the Shulhan Arukh (''Orach Chaim'' and ''Yoreh De'ah''),〔Iggereth Bochim〕 and Rabbi Shalom Iraqi al-Cohen (1685–1780), called ''al-'Ousṭā'' (the artisan), the comptroller of the customs and surveyor-general of the royal buildings and gardens who had been the favorite of two successive kings, although demoted in 1761.〔M. Niebuhr, ''Travel through Arabia and other Countries in the East'' (translated by Robert Heron), vol. 1, Edinburgh 1792, p. 408; ''ibid''., vol. 2, Edinburgh 1792, pp. 87–88.〕
Rabbi Yiḥya Ṣāleḥ was contemporary with Rabbi Chaim Joseph David Azulai, a great rabbinic teacher and scholar, with whom he maintained correspondence when the latter lived in Egypt. Rabbi Yiḥye Ṣāleḥ (henceforth: Maharitz) is the author of the Questions and Responsa, ''Pe'ūlath Ṣadīq'' and has also written a brief but comprehensive commentary on the Yemenite ''Baladi-rite'' Prayer Book, entitled ''‘Eṣ Ḥayyim'' in which appears the ''responsum'' addressed to him from Rabbi Chaim Joseph David Azulai.〔The ''responsum'' appears in ''Tiklal ‘Eṣ Ḥayyim Hashalem,'' Shimon Tzalach (ed.), vol. 1, pp. 192a-192b, Jerusalem 1971, an excerpt of which reads as follows: "Now I, the younger, sent unto the Rabbis of Egypt (may God protect them), a query concerning those who practice concluding (Amidah ), both, in ''Hashkiveinu'' and in the benediction, ''Yir'ou 'Eineinu,'' etc., (a blessing that employs God's name ), and I reprimanded () over this matter, telling them that they tend to make innovations in the ancient custom of our forefathers which was not to conclude (with a blessing that employs God's name ), just as it is presented () before you. And that reply which came from them (their Preserver is uplifted and high) was this: 'Our eyes have seen what your Excellency, the glory of the divine Law, has asked concerning the custom which a few communities practise, () new things (have come ) of late, to conclude with the benediction ''Hashkiveinu.'' And afterwards, they (again ) conclude (a blessing employing God's name ) in the verses, ''Yir'ou 'Eineinu,'' () …We searched the matter in the books of the righteous that are found with us, () former and latter, and what we were able to find (this ): Surely the custom () the land of the gazelle (i.e. the land of Israel), and () all the cities of Turkey is that they do not say (), except the benediction of ''Hashkiveinu'' and its concluding (). Yet, no more (they say ). It is the correct (), indeed, whether (those versions which are ) revealed or hidden. Nevertheless, those who practice saying, ''Yir'ou 'Eineinu'', etc., the proper order in this is to say exactly as it is now practiced anew, for this third blessing was enacted in the days of the ''Geonim''… Now may the peace of the Rabbi be multiplied, as the soul of those who are signed (this letter ), here, in Egypt. Chaim Joseph David Azulai (mire and clay ), Chaim Abraham Turnaga (mire and clay)'."〕 Maharitz also compiled a work on Bible orthography (Hebrew vowels and trope symbols used in biblical texts) known as ''Ḥeleq Hadiqdūq'', among other writings (see: ''infra'').
Little is known about Maharitz's father, Yosef Ṣāleḥ, except that he studied under his wife's father, Rabbi David Qafih.〔''Tiklal ‘Eṣ Ḥayyim Hashalem'', Shimon Tzalach (ed.), vol. 1, p. 73b, Jerusalem 1971〕 Rabbi Suleiman, Maharitz's brother, is known to have compiled a work on the laws governing the Passover preparation, known as ''Zevaḥ Pesaḥ''.〔Printed in Siddur ''Shivat Zion'', ed. Yosef Qafih, Jerusalem 1952〕 Maharitz's family is reported to have traced their lineage back to Oved, one of the progeny of Peretz, the son of Judah.〔Yosef Ṣadok, ''"Sefer Wehaṣdīqu eth haṣaddīq,"'' p. 26, Bnei Brak 2010.〕
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